![]() ![]() Panel B shows the number of days without organ support as horizontally stacked proportions of patients in the two treatment groups, with the following possible outcomes: in-hospital death with or without the receipt of organ support (dark red, the worst possible outcome, corresponding to a score of −1 on the ordinal scale) survival with organ support provided in an intensive care unit (ICU) (red-to-blue gradient shading based on the number of days alive without organ support intermediate outcome, corresponding to a score of 0 to 21 on the ordinal scale) and survival until hospital discharge without ICU-level organ support (dark blue, the best possible outcome, corresponding to a score of 22 on the ordinal scale). The difference in the height of the two curves at any point represents the difference in the cumulative probability of having a value for days without organ support of less than or equal to that point on the x axis. ![]() The ordinal scale includes a score of –1 (in-hospital death, the worst possible outcome), a score of 0 to 21 (the numbers of days alive without organ support), and a score of 22 (survival until hospital discharge without receipt of organ support, the best possible outcome). Panel A shows the distribution of organ support–free days among all the patients with moderate disease. In noncritically ill patients with Covid-19, an initial strategy of therapeutic-dose anticoagulation with heparin increased the probability of survival to hospital discharge with reduced use of cardiovascular or respiratory organ support as compared with usual-care thromboprophylaxis. Major bleeding occurred in 1.9% of the patients receiving therapeutic-dose anticoagulation and in 0.9% of those receiving thromboprophylaxis. The final probability of the superiority of therapeutic-dose anticoagulation over usual-care thromboprophylaxis was 97.3% in the high d-dimer cohort, 92.9% in the low d-dimer cohort, and 97.3% in the unknown d-dimer cohort. The adjusted absolute between-group difference in survival until hospital discharge without organ support favoring therapeutic-dose anticoagulation was 4.0 percentage points (95% credible interval, 0.5 to 7.2). Among 2219 patients in the final analysis, the probability that therapeutic-dose anticoagulation increased organ support-free days as compared with usual-care thromboprophylaxis was 98.6% (adjusted odds ratio, 1.27 95% credible interval, 1.03 to 1.58). ![]() The trial was stopped when prespecified criteria for the superiority of therapeutic-dose anticoagulation were met. This outcome was evaluated with the use of a Bayesian statistical model for all patients and according to the baseline d-dimer level. The primary outcome was organ support-free days, evaluated on an ordinal scale that combined in-hospital death (assigned a value of -1) and the number of days free of cardiovascular or respiratory organ support up to day 21 among patients who survived to hospital discharge. In this open-label, adaptive, multiplatform, controlled trial, we randomly assigned patients who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and who were not critically ill (which was defined as an absence of critical care-level organ support at enrollment) to receive pragmatically defined regimens of either therapeutic-dose anticoagulation with heparin or usual-care pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis. We hypothesized that therapeutic-dose anticoagulation may improve outcomes in noncritically ill patients who are hospitalized with Covid-19. Thrombosis and inflammation may contribute to the risk of death and complications among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). ATTACC Investigators ACTIV-4a Investigators REMAP-CAP Investigators Patrick R Lawler
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